Almond growers face constant challenges to crop productivity owing to pests and pathogens, which are often controlled with a multitude of agrochemicals.

There is growing evidence that insecticides and acaricides (miticides) are not the only pesticides that can have detrimental effects on honeybees (Mussen 2015).” “For many years the application of fungicides around bees was made and it was believed that they caused a minimum amount of injury. This class of pesticides was normally included in Group Ill — relatively nontoxic pesticides to bees (Atkins 1992).” Along with beekeeper applied acaricides, fungicides are among the most common types of pesticides detected in bees and bee products (Mullin et al. 2010), likely due to the application of fungicides during bloom when bees are present (Fell et al. 1983) to prevent numerous fungal diseases.

“Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of incorporatin